Psychologické školy
EXPERIMENTÁLNÍ PSYCHOLOGIE
psychofyzika:pohled na duši jako na mechanismus
-duše=stroj,
individuální pohled na jedince
-W. Wund:SRN fyl.
a psych., *1.psycholaboratoř
diferenciální
ps.: jedinečnost člověka
TVAROVÁ PS.=GESTALTISMUS
-CELEK je víc
než SUMA ČÁSTÍ
-celkový
pohled na člověka
-př.:nemůžeme pozorovat jen duši nebo chorobu, ale musíme ho brát jako celkovou bytost(přirovnáváno
k melodii=>ne jednotlivé noty, ale teprve celá skladba dává
melodii)
-W.Köhler+Max Wetheim-němci
KOGNITIVNÍ PS.
-navazuje na gestaltismus-chování je jen projev vnitřních dějů (když je člověk nemocný, něco ho bolí-je více podrážděný atd.)
-každý jedinec má vlastní pohled na svět
BEHAVIORISMUS
představa:člověk jako černá skříňka, do které přicházejí
a odcházejí podněty a na ty se potom nějak zachová(reakce)
-spekulovat o
prožitcích je zbytečné, diagnózu zjišťovat pouze na základě chování
-behav. se
nesmí zabývat tou černou skříňkou, ale jen podněty a reakcemi
-John Watson, IP Pavlov (zákonitosti reflexního oblouku)
-I.P.Pavlov např. dělal pokusy se psy: zvonil když mělo být jídlo, psi si na to tak zvykli, že slintali jen uslyšeli zvonek, ačkoli nedostai žádné jídlo
HLUBINNÁ PS.
Z.Freud
(objevil nevědomí),K.G. Jung (F. žák a odpůrce)
- zabývá se nevědomými
procesy
-sen, halucinace,
fantazie, hypnóza, metoda psychoanalýzy
-podstatné o člku se
dovíme z nevědomé vrstvy
-jádro člka - ID má podstatu
=>vášně=temné touhy, které se nemohou uskutečnit X tlaky = zákazy (to nesmíš, to se nedělá = SUPEREGO)
-vlastní já
=*soupeřením jeho přirozenosti a cenzur. tlaky
-jak se dostat
k temné síle, k tomu ID =>prostřednictvím snu (Freud – snaha dobře
vyložit sen<=pomoc při léčbě)
HUMANISTICKÁ PS.
po druhé světové válce
-chce
polidštit tento obor
-protipól
behav. a freudismu
-A.
Maslow, C. Rogers – USA
-člověka
nelze zkoumat na základě stimulů a reakcí na ně, ale jako člověka,
-vědomí,
kreativita, úcta k člku
-každodenní
existence člověka, psycholog také jen člověk
-vše je
povoleno, jen když to pomůže
NYNÍ
všechny zároveň, Humanistická ps.,Neofreudismus
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